The Hidden History of the Korean War( IF Stone ) free essay sample

Critical review of work arguing that war was started continued by U.S. officials seeking confrontation with communist forces. I.F. Stone, author of The Hidden History of the Korean War, became a professional journalist at the age of fourteen, and has worked for a number of prestigious periodicals. He is a man of the independent Left (xiv), and has been often critical of the government, which suggests that his examination of the Korean War will reveal that that war was not grounded in the best of intentions. This is, indeed, what we find. Stone wrote the book to expose what one observer calls the greatest swindle in the whole of military history (xv). Specifically, Stone argues that the Korean War was a cruel fraud from its inception. When peace was at hand, it was sabotaged by forces which wanted the war to continue. Stone himself declares that his book has three basic purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hidden History of the Korean War( IF Stone ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Word Choice Formally vs. Formerly Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Formally vs. Formerly Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Formally vs. Formerly A lot of adverbs end with the letters â€Å"-ly.† This does, unfortunately, mean that some unrelated words sound quite similar, such as â€Å"formally† and â€Å"formerly.† So to make sure you can use these terms correctly, check out our guide to what â€Å"formally† and â€Å"formerly† actually mean. Formally (In a Formal Manner) â€Å"Formally† is the adverbial form of the adjective â€Å"formal.† And since â€Å"formal† means â€Å"official† or â€Å"in accordance with convention,† we use â€Å"formally† when something is done in a formal manner. To dress â€Å"formally,† for example, usually means dressing smartly for a special occasion: We dressed formally for the wedding. Alternatively, we could make a â€Å"formal† announcement. This would be a statement that makes something official (even if people already knew about it through hearsay): He formally announced his resignation on Tuesday. The opposite of â€Å"formally† is â€Å"informally.† This implies doing something in a way that ignores official rules or conventions. The adjectival form is this word, meanwhile, is â€Å"informal.† Formerly (Previously) The word â€Å"formerly† means â€Å"in the past† or â€Å"previously.† For example: The Google search engine was formerly called â€Å"Backrub.† Here, we’re saying that Google was called â€Å"Backrub† before it was Google (which is true, weirdly). The adjectival form of this word is â€Å"former,† which means â€Å"from a past time.† All in all, its probably a good thing they changed it. Formally or Formerly? Although these words sound similar, they don’t mean the same thing. As such, you should be careful not to mix them up in your writing. Remember: Formally comes from â€Å"formal† and means â€Å"officially† or â€Å"in a formal way.† Formerly comes from â€Å"former† and means â€Å"previously† or â€Å"in the past.† Since the words â€Å"formal† and â€Å"former† sound more distinct, moreover, you can use them to remind you what their adverbial forms mean. And if you want to be sure that your word choice is always correct in your writing, a little bit of proofreading can be a big help!

Stay on the Map with New Geopolitical Names

Stay on the Map with New Geopolitical Names Stay on the Map with New Geopolitical Names Stay on the Map with New Geopolitical Names By Mark Nichol I recently took a trip that encompassed layovers in Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. And if you believe that, I’ve got a great deal for you on a bridge in Londinium. The truth is, none of the places I just mentioned exist not by that name, anyway, or not as political entities. Great Britain is the name of the island that constitutes most of what is properly known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually abbreviated to â€Å"the United Kingdom.† That nation consists of four other nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (as well as many but not all of the small islands in the vicinity). If you refer to England, you should mean England no more, and no less. And though the citizens of England are the English, those of the United Kingdom are not; they’re British. (I’ll leave further details to the denizens of that fair country.) Czechoslovakia, with gratitude from our twisted tongues and fumbling fingers, divided itself peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia nearly twenty years ago, soon after the collapse of its Communist government. (The residents generally speak related but different languages, the geography of the two countries is distinct, and their religious habits and other cultural characteristics differ significantly.) Yugoslavia, an unfortunate agglomeration of Balkan nations that held together against all odds for much of the twentieth century, collapsed in acrimony at around the same time. The two remaining constituent states out of eight states and provinces briefly held on to the name but were soon known as the nation of Serbia and Montenegro; however, they separated in 2006. The former Soviet Union gave way in the 1990s to fifteen separate nations, including Russia (also known as the Russian Federation), requiring journalists to sometimes make a distinction between the nation of Georgia and the American state by that name, and releasing a bewildering array of multisyllabic monikers, many of them ending in -stan (Persian for â€Å"home of† or â€Å"place of†). Have you ever been to Bombay? It’s now formally known as Mumbai, a more accurate pronunciation of the native appellation. Rangoon, in Burma (oops I mean, Myanmar), is for the same reason now identified as Yangon. Farther north, Greenland is now Kalaallit Nunaat (the indigenous name), and Canada broke off a portion of the Northwest Territories to form Nunavut. What future changes can we expect? Belgium, for many years an uneasy union of the French-identified culture of the region of Wallonia (French: Wallonie) and the Dutch-identified culture of the area long known as Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen), is likely to cleave into those two entities. Many other new names may appear on maps in the near future based on nomenclature arising from shifting geopolitics. The ephemeral nature of geographical names makes the idea of printed atlases and such seem faintly ridiculous, because such publications are to some extent obsolete as soon as they’re produced. But don’t let that keep you from consulting with an authoritative resource before you refer in writing to a foreign locale. Your best bet, however, is an online source. Equally important, when you mention a place in a historical context, do use the appropriate name for example, â€Å"Great Britain† in a Revolutionary War novel, â€Å"Czechoslovakia† in an essay about the Prague Spring, or â€Å"Yugoslavia† in an article about that country’s charismatic dictator, Tito. In addition, phrases such as â€Å"in the former Soviet Union† or â€Å"part of what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire† help keep countries in their place. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms40 Idioms with First

Concert Attendance Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Attendance Report - Assignment Example Classical at the Freight brought some of the best classical musicians of the Bay Area. I spent the hour listening to outstanding chamber music in an atmosphere that was quite friendly and informal. The musicians were seated on the stage in a semi-circle carrying different musical instruments. The bands musical instruments included violin and cello. One man played both English horn and oboe simultaneously. Wooden paneling rising vertically from the floor to the Freight & Salvage Coffee House board made the background and created a very sophisticated and peaceful environment. Peter Lemberg is SFCO principal oboist. He came to the Freight with this friskily plangent musical program for the English horn and strings. Together with All-Stars of SFCO, Peter performed the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Jean Francaix. One of the songs performed by the band was â€Å"Quatuor (1971): 1. Allegro vivace by David Juritz, Rebecca Knight†. There was a lot of variety in the music. The structure of the music was soft and smooth and had a good flow. The purpose of the music was to create an atmosphere of comfort and light joy. The tempo of the song was allegro. The volume was reasonably loud to make it audible to the entire audience. The song had a soft and smooth rhythm and the melody was sweet. The first thing that came to my mind to hear such sweet melody was Tom & Jerry Cartoons. We often hear such music played in the background in the mouse and cat chase. The song belongs to the era few decades ago, but its sweet melody and energy makes it relevant to t he audience even today. I was very excited at the concert because it had occurred more as a surprise to me since I had not planned to go there originally. I listened to the music very attentively because my friends had praised this band a lot. I wanted to know why were they such big fans of the band. I enjoyed the concert because I witnessed the perfection and extreme talent of the

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 403

Assignment Example The program effectiveness lies in the fact that it enables all companies whether large or small to get access to financing when converting exports to sales. Many businesses are currently using the program to help whenever they have emergencies in exporting their products yet they face cash deficit. Additionally, the U.S Export-Import Bank only fills the gap left in the financial market by the existing banks (Krahmer, 1990). That increases its effectiveness because businesses use it when under financial need. The flexibility of the program makes it quite effective in use by the enterprise originations (Liu, 2011). As Liu (2011) reports, the program also offers other benefits such as enabling the applying company to purchase raw materials and a collection of accounts receivable. It also guarantees the provision of working capital to the firms at any moment. Additionally, the program reduces the bureaucracy involved in getting a loan. For instance, the application fee is approximately $100 submitted with company’s financial statements for at least the past one year. The time saved by having a short chain of procedures further makes the program effective in helping the business firms sort out their financial emergencies or

Einstein’s statement Essay Example for Free

Einstein’s statement Essay According to Einstein’s statement that Memory is deceptive because it is colored by todays events one should take a concrete position in order to prove it or not. There is nothing frozen in the cycle of life, everything is in flux. The process of memorizing information around is amazing at a glance. However, there should be an explanation of why human beings get stuck on what they know about a definite thing or event, and do not want to step back not a jot. I think that there are several responses on what Einstein once said. Hence, memory can be deceptive for a man, as it refers to the past and to the present only. Here comes a logic evaluation of the Einstein’s statement which designates the idea of what is known to people currently and what is not. Thereupon, it is a matter of contradiction between three states of time, so to speak: past, present, and future. It goes without saying that the first two relate to what is recollected in our memories. On the other side, the future is a mystery for every human being. Memory does not apply to the future events. It is about to gain momentum, as we may call it, of what has been predicted and what it comes out to be as a result. However, there is an aspect of memory which relies on peoples’ suggestibility (Platek, Keenan, Shackelford, 2007). This feature of memory can serve as pseudo-persuasiveness in what has not happened yet. Within my remembrance, I have too many cases when I could state that memory is really deceptive, and is based on some evidences at hand. It was when I tried to win in lottery. I was sure that a fortune will help me. Nevertheless, I tried to work out a specific formula on finding out the â€Å"receipt of hitting jackpot† at once. My memories could give me just the examples based on the experience of many millions of people who failed to reach out a definite circumspect approach toward solving the enigmatic mystery of where the luck is. As a result, I just spent a pretty some of money, as related to all cases when I bought a bunch of lottery tickets. It fell into nothing at all, unfortunately. However, since that time I have been working over a philosophical attitude toward what knowledge is. Furthermore, it became interesting to me that memory can become vague in some moments, as it complies with physiological processes as well. Thus, memory does not just colors today’s events and gives no answer on what will become tomorrow. It also makes people realize the things going on all around. There is an assumption that the hidden power of brain can work miracles in perceiving events of tomorrow. People can just change their consciousness in order to discolor reality and appear in parallel worlds. However, it is just a hypothesis which Einstein once claimed during his investigation of the concept of time as such. To sum up, memory complies with the past and the present. It has no connection with the future. Hence, people are misinformed about what awaits them in future. In turn it proves the idea that memory is deceptive and that it is colored solely in accordance with today’s events. That is the argument for getting the properties and nature of memory in brief. Reference Platek, S. M. , Keenan, J. P. , Shackelford, T. K. (2007). Evolutionary cognitive neuroscience. Boston: MIT Press.

Pre Revolutionary Mentality :: essays research papers

US History I Test   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people represented in the picture, are pulling off King George III symbolizes how Americans felt right before the start of the revolutionary war. I believe this picture is in the beginning or middle part of 1775. The people of America were mad, were so, fed up with the British government that they will start a war in order to break away from them. These feelings didn’t just come about all of a sudden though, England set themselves up for this the moment they set up colonies that were three thousand miles away. When James the II was kicked out beneath his crown in 1688 his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange became joint sovereigns. This led several of the colonies into small revolts of their own. Not battles where people were killed, but battles of overcoming oppression. this gave the colonies hope, even though the â€Å"imperial grip† around the colonies would be getting tighter. In the years between 1730 and 1740, there was a period of a religious â€Å"awakening† this brought about new ideas and new faith in God. The old Puritan ways didn’t fade out but new beliefs came about with new religious options. This gave people a chance to start over with their religious faith. People listened to great preachers like Charles Wesley, who founded Methodism, George Whitfield, and a Congregationalist named Jonathan Edwards. The Great Awaking was an awaking of religious beliefs and spirits, another movement, later labeled the â€Å"enlightenment† was an awakening of learning. Great improvements in science and technologies were coming out of Europe. Great thinkers were writing and challenging the norm. They brought up ideas of leaving England and questioned the Authority of the crown. Soon after things get rolling in America, Britain leaves the colonies alone. This period known as salutary neglect leaves the American people thinking about possible independence away from England. Before 1763 the only laws that were in place were the navigation acts, which made sure the colonies only traded with England, and were loosely enforced. In 1763 the proclamation of 1763 drew a line on the Appalachian Mountains that forbid settlers from traveling west of the mountains. The Indians were excited about this, it would stop the invasion of their lands and the battles they fought to protect it. It eventually failed as settlers moved into the Ohio valley anyways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was a changing point for the colonies, it was the first time they had really been restricted, but it would not be the last.

Management theory and practice

IntroductionMary Parker Follett (1868-1933), was an early political scientist and is considered to be one of the most prominent American management theorists in the earlier half of the 20th century (Montana & Chimov 2000, p.17). She is considered to be one of the founders of the field of Public Administration and organization studies. Labeled by many famous management writers, as the ‘Prophet of Management’ and the ‘Mother of Scientific Management’, she was a critical and independent thinker who has a powerful impact on the management theory in the 1920s and 1930s (Orlikowski 1996, p.427).Though an American by birth her work was better known in other countries like Britain and Japan. Some theorists attribute this to her being a woman with ideas that were far beyond her time. Another reason why her work did not have as much impact as other management theorists may also be because she worked as a social worker rather than in exalted business circles.Her approa ch for a social responsibility and working together was also in direct contrast to the use of power and authority, which was prevalent in the times when she was writing and lecturing (Tosi, Mero & Rizzo 2001, p.11). The multinational and multicultural expansion of businesses has led to a different nature of roles and responsibilities among the management group. Today many companies are struggling towards corporate social responsibility and the ideas which Ms Follett had introduced years ago are being brought back into the light.The works of Mary Parker became obscure for a long time due to the disinterest among the companies at the time to look for a social responsibility and team work based organization. During her earlier studies, she met Dr. H Metcalf who later published many of her lectures. Dr. Metcalf together with Colonel L. Urwick together in the year 1941 assembled her lectures in a book called Dynamic Administration, which forms the basis for many researches looking for Fo llett’s work (Orlikowski 2003, p. 426)The Ideas of Mary Parker FollettMary Parker Follett challenged the ideas of scientific management prevalent at the time, and helped in laying foundations to the human relations school of management (Witzel 2003 p. 102). Her idea was to control people by working with them. The industry at that time was completely hierarchical and authority and power were exerted in a military style. Follett however rooted for an entirely different style of management. She advocated for flatter hierarchies, teamwork and participative management leadership based on ability, cooperative conflict resolution and a shared corporate vision (Bloom & Reichert 1998, p.258).This may be one of the reasons why her ideas were not immediately accepted in the US, where power games were the mainstay for any type of business. The companies were inherently family businesses and the leadership was the next successor to the family whether worthy or not. Teamwork was an unheard of concept, as the management scoffed at it and the subordinates worked solely at the directions of their superiors.Follett’s research and writings pointed to a collaborative approach to problem solving which advocated compromise. In fact one of her favorite admonitions to the management was ‘don’t over-manage your employees’, calling over-managing of employees as bossism. Now days, this process is known as micromanaging by many of the corporate houses.According to her workers could recognize the logic of a situation present in any management request and would comply accordingly (Montana & Chamov 2000, p. 17). Hence, the management task was to formulate their requests in a logical way but to resist giving too many orders. Her work in modern times constitutes the basis of problem solving and hence is receiving renewed interest.For avoiding over-management situations in organizations, Mary Parker developed the law of situation in 1928. According to her, lea ders would be more successful if they would adjust their style of leadership to the needs of their subordinates and to the requirements of the situation(Covell, Walker, Siciliano & Hess 2007, p.37) .This approach is reflected in today’s scenario as contingency view, and can be seen in almost every aspect of management. Organizations usually have contingency plans, which are basically options for every situation which is likely to be encountered. A further offshoot of this plan is the Risk Management, which is the current buzzword in management of organizations.Mary Follett thought that use of authority may have negative effects. Contrary to the popular belief it does not flow downward on principle, but the interactions of various process and most importantly people with intelligent thought influence its progress throughout the channels (Tosi, Mero & Rizzo, 2000, p. 11). Also in case of conflicts, she thought that a collaborative solution would tend to be productive as it woul d lead to integrative problem solving, rather than just exerting authority over the subordinates to impose a solution. In a sense differences would have a positive effect as they would lead to an analysis of the entire boundary of the solution.Mary Follett considered the process of management to be participative instead of one-sided. It hence follows that the job of the management is to channel both group activity and group conflicts and use them constructively to find solutions. She understood the complex social situations and focused on the working groups, which in her view should be managed efficiently instead of order to get the best results (Collins 2000, p. 54). This holds true in today’s world with many companies being too large and hence being de-centralized without losing their identity or corporate culture. Hence, management should focus on getting things done by their employees instead of controlling them at every level.The theories proposed by Mary Follett were no t just related to organizations. Some of them also concerned the professional working within these organizations. The popular term used by employees in recent times is professionalism. The word was defined by Mary Parker in a way that holds true in recent terms. According to Follett, â€Å"A professional is a person who maintains loyalty to a code of ethics that transcends to a loyalty to the rest of the organization.† (Shell 2003, p.2) Hence, the term is usually used by freelance or consultants who do not bend their ethics for loyalty towards a company.Applications of Follett’s principles to organizationsMary Follett was one of the pioneers of the profession of Management Consultant in Britain. She worked for global giants like Unilever as wells as progressive Quaker firms (Murphy 2005 p. 80). In both these organizations she held major influence in bringing the human relations principles to managements.Her thoughts however were forgotten for a long time before the glo balization of organizations and the consequent increase in difficulty in managing organizations by a single party. This prompted a structure of globalization where the organization looked into becoming better managed rather than more controlled. The principle of human relations can be seen in many of the organizations whether they explicitly follow the principles or notAs an example Samsung is one of the giant corporations which had to be decentralized due to the political conditions prevalent in Korea at the time. The company went in for a complete decentralization where each of the industries are governed by an independent body.However, each of the companies follows single corporate vision which joins the company under one head. Samsung prepares its own chips for the end products, and is a world leader in both the mobile and chip segments. The effective delegation of work is one of the chief elements of Mary Follett’s lecturesOne of the major ironies is that while the work of Mary Parker was not very much in vogue in United States, countries like Britain and especially Japan embraced her philosophy. The Japanese have always been appreciative of her work because it has been in tune with the consensual, thoughtful, careful and above all respectful approach which is the characteristic of Japanese people.This is probably the reason why many of the Japanese companies follow the approach for joining huge corporations –Sony is an example of a huge company conglomerate which is entirely decentralized. In addition it is collaboration with many companies for future research (Mant 1999, p. 99)ReferencesBooksBloom SL, Reichert M, 1998, Bearing Witness: Violence and Collective responsibility, Haworth Press, NewYork Collins DV, 2000, Management Fads and Buzzwords: Critical Practical Perspectives, Roultedge, NewYork Covell D, Walker S, Siciliano J, Hess PW, 2007, Managing Sports Organizations: Responsibility for Performance†, Elsevier, Oxford Mant A, 19 99, Intelligent Leadership, Allan & Unwin, New South Wales Montana PJ, Chamov BH, 2000, Management, Barron’s Educational Series, NewYork Murphy CN, 2005, Global Institutions: Marginalization and Development, Roultedge, NewYork Orlikowski WJ, 2003, Information Technology and Changes in Organizational Work, Springer, London Shell RL, 2003, Management of Professionals, CRC Press, NewYork Tosi HL, Mero NP, Rizzo JR, 2000, Managing Organizational Behavior, Blackwell Publishing, OxfordWitzel M, 2003, Fifty Key Figures in Management, Roultedge, NewyorkInternet Articleshttp://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/mgmt_decentralzation_delegation.html

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” Dr. Martin Luther

In his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. challenges the preconceived notions of his fellow clergymen and argues that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.†Ã‚   (King, 1963). Dr. King had been chastised by a number of clergy in Birmingham as an outside agitator stirring up trouble in their city. Early on, he explained his idea that no citizen of the United States can be considered an agitator when protesting or acting with regard to something else happening with the country’s borders. Furthermore, King argues that what happens in Birmingham affects Atlanta and Washington, D.C. and New York City.   In many ways, he was arguing the idea of globalization and world conscious long before they became buzz words and the way of the world. King argued that as a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference he had no option other than to fight for social justice throughout the South.After justifying himself to t he other clergy, King explains why the demonstrations for which he was arrested are taking place in Birmingham.   In gentle rebuke, he points out that the clergymen have condemned the conditions that resulted because of the protest but have never taken time to rebuke the conditions that required the demonstrations take place. â€Å"Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case, â€Å"King wrote (King 1963).Despite those conditions, leaders within the African American community approached city leaders attempting to find a path to social justice via the law.   They were humored and strung along by the establishment, but never did the city try to make any good faith effort to try to change the conditions. And, at the time of King’s letter, being born an African American in Alabama in general and Birmingham in particular virtually guaranteed a lack of rights.   â€Å"Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham's economic community. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants — for example, to remove the stores humiliating racial signs. On the basis of these promises, the Reverend Fred Shuttles worth and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to a moratorium on all demonstrations. As the weeks and months went by, we realized that we were the victims of a broken promise. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the others remained.† (King, 1963).The signs were the overt racism inherent in Birmingham, but the roots in the region went much deeper. African Americans were consistently denied the right to vote, sometimes to the point that in counties where the majority of the population was black, not a single African American was registered to vote. King argues clearly that these maneuvers to hold people back from racial equality were often being done within the confines of the law and that was a problem in and of it.He   further argues that taking direct action will spur the community toward negotiation and an effort to change. â€Å"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.† (King, 1963)   If no action is taken, King agues, then the status quo does not change. People are not prompted to change, or even to negotiate for improvement if there is no impetus for their effort.â€Å"The purpose of our direct-action program is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiatio n. I therefore concur with you in your call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved South land been bogged down in a tragic effort to live in monologue rather than dialogue.† (King, 1963). It is important to note that throughout his call to action, King reiterates that the direct actions should be non-violent designed to make people uncomfortable and disrupt daily routines, not aggressive or threatening.He answers complaints that the protest came too soon after a city election for the newly elected government to have any impact on the old ways. The problem with waiting for someone to take action is that you are always waiting and nothing changes.   â€Å"The only answer that I can give to this query is that the new Birmingham administration must be prodded about as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor. will bring the millennium to Birmingham.While Mr. Boutwell is a much more gentle per son than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, dedicated to maintenance of the status quo. (King, 1963). King points to the emerging nations of the world, able to fight for their freedom from colonial oppressors and get it, and then remarks at the â€Å"horse and buggy† pace the United States is making within her own borders to promote equality (King, 1963). â€Å"Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging dark of segregation to say, â€Å"Wait.†(King, 1963)†He justifies his actions in terms of the law. This is perhaps the most powerful of King’s arguments outside the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. It sets the tone for his later work and justifies the Civil Rights Movement in one fell swoop.   â€Å"Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws.One may won ask: †Å"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† The answer lies in the fact that there fire two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the Brat to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all† (King, 1963).In this short passage, King makes an eloquent and accurate plea for civil disobedience and encourages people to take the action needed to make a difference with regard to changing the law.   His argument is that sometimes the law is simply so unjust that if a person does not take radical action to change the law, he is supporting injustice.The idea that a law could be justly applied but be inherently unjust was illogical, he argued. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make b inding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.† (King, 1963).He further argues that the type of civil disobedience he is recommending was first practiced in biblical times by Shadrach and his compatriots when they faced the lion’s den rather than renouncing their faith. He then goes on to chastise the church leadership for their inaction and lack of support for the African American community. â€Å"Let me take note of my other major disappointment. I have been so greatly disappointed with the white church and its leadership.† (King, 1963).   He argues that the church should in supporting core Christian values work toward the development of equality for all people and that in failing to do so they have ignored their Christian duty.King’s letter was intended as an answer to critics, a reply to those wh o did not understand the reality of the Southern African American and the way that they were being discriminated against.   Instead, it served as an outline for social justice and for achieving equality. By detailing how and why people of color and white Americans should stand together to fight for equality, he took the effort for equality out of the streets and back alleys to the headlines.His definitions regarding an unjust law made the difference philosophically and religiously for many people. Many people who had previously considered themselves good people suddenly found that they could no longer hide behind the legality of the situation. Instead, King forced them to take the issue of equality to heart and think of it from their conscious and not just from the law. They were no longer able to argue that it was okay by the law so that must make it right. King found the right words to explain that equality was everyone’s responsibility and that unless people were willing to work for justice, no one would have it.Thesis: In his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. challenges the preconceived notions of his fellow clergymen and argues that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.†Ã‚   (King, 1963Outline:â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†I.      Summary and historical contextII.    Why Birmingham?a.    Worst racism in the Southb.    Negotiation failedc.   New leadership might mean an opportunity for change.III. Why direct action?a. Civil disobedience draws attentionb. Unjust laws should not be obeyedc. Christian history of actionIV.   ConclusionKing’s letter was intended as an answer to critics, a reply to those who did not understand the reality of the Southern African American and the way that they were being discriminated against.   Instead, it served as an outline for social justice and for achieving equality.

US Drug Policy essays

US Drug Policy essays Q. Would the Amsterdam model be a useful government response to hallucinogen and marijuana use in this country? Why or why not? Amsterdams coffee shops and cafes are notorious for the tolerated exchange of hashish and marijuana. This example goes completely against the moral principles underlying the United States drug policy. The United States drug policy stands by the zero tolerance rules. Our drug culture does not believe in any such thing as a use of an illegal drug, only abuse. So, why arent the Dutch facing as many drug related problems as we are? Is a more laissez-faire approach to drugs the answer? We arent winning the war on drugs. It is clear that the illegal drug use and drug related problems have increased in the United States. I think that the Amsterdam model may act a useful government response to hallucinogen and marijuana use in the United States. We have tried everything from stricter punishments to spending more dollars on drug prevention programs. The anti-drug law has led to the criminalization of more drugs and the imprisonment of more drug users. The cost of prohibition of drugs is getting pricier every year. Lester Grinspoon and James Bakalar stated, The arrest of more than 300,000 people a year on marijuana charges contributes the clogging of courts and the overcrowding of prisons. Federal, state, and local governments now spend nearly ten billion dollars a year on drug enforcement and hundreds of millions more to house and feed drug dealers and users in local, state and federal prisons(80). The drug related problems are increasing rather than decreasing . Isnt it time that we searched for a better alternative to fighting the war on drugs. I am not saying that legalizing all drugs is the solution. I definitely dont believe that legalizing all drugs would work in our society. I dont think that our society is mature enough to handle the responsib...

Bronze Age Mobile Pastoralists of Central Asia

Bronze Age Mobile Pastoralists of Central Asia Steppe societies is a collective name for the Bronze Age (ca. 3500-1200 BC) nomadic and semi-nomadic people of the central Eurasian steppes. Mobile pastoralist groups have lived and herded in western and central Asia for at least 5,000 years, raising horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and yaks. Their borderless lands intersect the modern countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Russia, affecting and being affected by complex social systems from China to the Black Sea, the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia. Ecologically, the steppe can be characterized as part prairie, part desert, and part semi-desert, and it extends in Asia from Hungary to the Altai (or Altay) Mountains and the forests in Manchuria. In the northern parts of the steppe range, rich grasslands covered in snow for about a third of the year provide some of the best pasturelands on earth: but in the south are dangerous arid deserts dotted with oases. All of these areas are part of the mobile pastoralists homelands. Ancient History Ancient historical texts from the settled parts of Europe and Asia describe their interactions with steppe people. Most of that admittedly propagandist literature characterizes the Eurasian nomads as fierce, warlike barbarians or noble savages on horseback: for example, the Persians described their battles between the nomads as the war between good and evil. But archaeological studies of the cities and sites of the steppe societies have revealed a far more nuanced definition of the nomad life: and what is revealed is a wide diversity of cultures, languages, and methods of life. The people of the steppes were the builders and maintainers of the vast Silk Road, not to mention the traders who moved countless caravans across the pastoralist and desert landscapes. They domesticated the horse, invented war chariots and also probably the first bowed instruments. Butwhere did they come from? Traditionally, steppe societies are believed to have been arisen from agricultural societies around the Black Sea, becoming increasingly reliant on domestic cattle, sheep, and horses, and then expanding eastward in response to environmental change and the need for increased pastureages. By the Late Bronze Age (ca 1900-1300 BC), so the story goes, the entire steppe was populated by mobile pastoralists, called by archaeologists Andronovo culture. Spread of Agriculture According to research by Spengler et al. (2014), the mobile Steppe Society herders at Tasbas and Begash were also directly involved in the transmission of information concerning domestic plants and animals from their points of origin into Inner Asia during the early third millennium BC. Evidence for the use of domesticated barley, wheat, and broomcorn millet has been found at these sites, in ritual contexts; Spengler and colleagues argue that these nomadic herders were one of the ways in which these crops moved outside of their domestications: broomcorn from the east; and wheat and barley from the west. Languages of the Steppes First: a reminder: language and linguistic history do not match one-to-one with specific cultural groups. Not all English speakers are English, nor Spanish speakers Spanish: that was true as much in the past as the present. However, there are two linguistic histories that have been used to try to understand the possible origins of the steppe societies: Indo-European and Altaic. According to linguistic research, at its beginnings ca 4500-4000 BC, the Indo-European language was largely confined to the Black Sea region. About 3000 BC, Indo-European language forms spread outside of the Black Sea region into central, southern and western Asia and the northern Mediterranean. Part of that movement must be tied to the migration of people; part of that would have been transmitted by contact and trade. Indo-European is the root language for the Indic speakers of South Asia (Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi), the Iranian languages (Persian, Pashtun, Tajik), and the majority of European languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese). Altaic was originally located in Southern Siberia, eastern Mongolia, and Manchuria. Its descendants include Turkic languages (Turkish, Uzbeck, Kazakh, Uighur), and Mongolian languages, and possibly (although there is some debate) Korean and Japanese. Both of these linguistic pathways seem to have traced the movement of nomads throughout and across central Asia and back again. However, a recent article by Michael Frachetti argues that this interpretation is too simplistic to match the archaeological evidence of the spread of people and domestication practices. Three Steppe Societies? Frachettis argument lies in his assertion that the domestication of the horse cannot have driven the rise of a single steppe society. Instead, he suggests scholars should look at three separate areas where mobile pastoralism arose, in the western, central and eastern regions of central Asia, and that by the fourth and early third millennia BC, these societies were specialized. Western Steppe: east banks of the Dneiper River to the Ural Mountains and north from the Black Sea (modern countries include parts of Ukraine, Russia; cultures include Cucuteni, Tripolye, Sredny Stog, Khvalynsk, Yamnaya; sites include Moliukhor Bugor, Derievka, Kyzl-khak, Kurpezhe-molla, Kara Khuduk I, Mikhailovka II, Maikop)Central Steppe: east of the Urals to the Altai edge (countries: parts of Kazakstan, Russia, Mongolia; cultures: Botai, Atbasar; sites: Botai)Eastern Steppe: east of the Irysh River to the Yenesei (countries: Russian Siberia, cultures: Afanas’ev (sometimes spelled Afanasievo); sites: Balyktyul, Kara-Tenesh) The sparsity of the archaeological record continues to be an issue: there simply hasnt been a great deal of work focused on the steppes. It is a very large place, and much more work needs to be accomplished. Archaeological Sites Turkmenistan: Altin-Depe, MervRussia: Sintashta, Kyzl-khak, Kara Khuduk, Kurpezhe-molla, Maikop, Ashgabat, GornyUzbekistan: Bukhara, Tashkent, SamarkandChina: TurfanKazakhstan: Botai, Krasnyi Yar, Mukri, Begash, TasbasUkraine: Moliukhor Bugor, Dereivka, Sredny Stog, Mikhailovka Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Human History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. See page two for a list of resources. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Human History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Frachetti MD. 2012. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Current Anthropology 53(1):2. Frachetti MD. 2011. Migration Concepts in Central Eurasian Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 40(1):195-212. Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010. Golden, PB. 2011. Central Asia in World History. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hanks B. 2010. Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia. Annual Review of Anthropology 39(1):469-486. Spengler III RN, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M, Cattani M, and Rouse LM. 2014. Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab alluvial fan, southern Central Asia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany: in press. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0448-0 Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

No - Essay Example Benzene for negligence in his work especially if they knew of his omission to inquire about his true feelings concerning his suicidal thoughts because of the possibility that Mr. Johnson’s terrain of thought could lead him to cause harm both to himself and others. The plaintiff can sue for negligence on the part of Dr. Benzene. Negligence refers to a situation where a person does something wrong accidentally thereby causing one to get hurt. As such, a person involved in negligent behavior is likely to be held liable by way of damages. Basically, it involves an individual’s failure to take reasonable care in a situation that a person exercising ordinary prudence ought to take under similar circumstances (Ferrerra et al., 72). Dr. Benzene did not exercise reasonable care especially because it is expected that a doctor like him should have foreseen harm. Dr. Benzene should have inquired from Mr. Johnson whether indeed his findings and thoughts were an expression of his true feelings. Dr. Benzene has a legal issues to answer to because he had the duty to act but failed because of his omission to do so by taking necessary steps including inquiring the feelings of Mr. Johnson so that he could at least attempt to avert the foreseen danger. Doctor Benzene and his office can be sued for the violation of the law enacted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The law simply required medical practitioners such as Doctor Benzene to notify the office of the State Attorney regarding the homicidal or suicidal tendencies exhibited by Mr. Johnson. The policy had not made any provisions for exceptional cases where the defendant could not be held liable. As such, Doctor Benzene’s move to issue patients with forms in order to free himself and all the staff from any liabilities that may arise did not in any way protect or exempt him from facing the consequences of his actions. The legislation passed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was supreme. Therefore, the potential law